The State and the Labor Market

I. Introduction.- 1 Labor Market Restructuring in Europe and the United States: The Search for Flexibility.- I. Labor Market Segmentation.- II. What is Labor Market Flexibility?.- III. The Rationales for Labor Market Flexibility.- IV. The State and Labor Market Flexibility.- V. The Plan of the Book.- VI. References.- II. Government Policy and the Labor Market: Country Studies.- 2 Government Policy and the Labor Market: The Case of the United Kingdom.- I. Introduction.- II. Government Policy and the Labor Market.- A. Macroeconomic Policy: Unemployment, Inflation, and Income Distribution.- B. Labor Market and Industrial Policies.- C. Industrial Relations Policy.- D. Social Security and Family Policy.- III. Limits to Government Policy: Political and Industrial Responses.- A. Political Responses.- B. Industrial Responses.- IV. Conclusion.- V. References.- 3 Fissure and Discontinuity in U.S. Labor Management Relations.- I. The Characteristics of the Postwar System.- II. The Pressures of the Last Decade.- III. Environmental Pressures.- IV. The Resolution of the Crisis.- V. References.- 4 The Restructuring of the Labor Market, the Labor Force, and the Nature of Employment Relations in the United States in the 1980s.- I. Structural Change: Jobs and Workers.- II. The Labor Market and Social Policy Agenda.- A. Increased Unemployment.- B. Declining Real Minimum Wage.- C. Unemployment Insurance.- D. Trade Adjustment Assistance.- E. Public Service Employment.- F. Welfare.- III. Industrial Relations Policy—Weakening and Busting Unions.- IV. The Changing Nature of Employment Relations.- A. Wage Bargaining.- B. Changes in Work Rules and Job Security Arrangements.- C. The Growth of Contingent Employees.- V. Conclusion.- VI. References.- 5 Employment Policy, the State and the Unions in the Federal Republic of Germany.- I. Introduction.- II. Unemployment Policy.- III. Employment Security and Worker Protection Policy.- IV. Policies toward the Level and Structure of Wages.- A. Wage-Level Policy.- B. Wage Structure Policy.- V. Work Time Reduction.- VI. A Scheme for Analysis and Interpretation.- VII. References.- 6 Reregulating the Labor Market amid an Economic and Political Crisis: Spain, 1975–1986.- I. Introduction.- II. Institutional Background.- III. Wage Control Policy.- IV. The Regulation of Layoffs and Job Security.- V. Conclusion.- VI. References.- 7 The State, the Unions, and the Labor Market: The Italian Case, 1969–1985.- I. Introduction.- II. Pansyndicalism, 1968–1975.- III. The Government of National Solidarity, 1975–1980.- IV. Success and Failure of Trilateral Bargaining, 1980–1985.- V. Conclusion.- VI. References.- 8 State Regulation, Enterprise Behavior and the Labor Market in Hungary, 1968–1983.- I. Introduction.- II. The Effects of the Economic Reform on Enterprise Behavior in the Labor Market, 1968–1971.- A. Profit-Oriented Enterprises and the Liberalization of the Labor Market.- B. Enterprises’ Labor Market Strategies—Adjustments to Competition.- C. Weak Market Mechanisms and Enterprises Bargaining with the State: Impediments for Reform.- III. Recentralization and the Labor Market: The Emergence of the System of Hidden Plan Targets and State Interventions in the Labor Market.- A. Recentralization and Uncertainty of the Rules of the Game.- B. Tensions in the Labor Market, Enterprise Adaptation, and State Intervention.- IV. Economic Stagnation and the Labor Market, 1979–1983.- A. Indebtedness, Restrictions, and Fear of Unemployment.- B. The Liberalization of the “Second Economy”.- V. Concluding Remarks.- VI. References.- III. Youth, Antidiscrimination, and Working-Time Policies.- 9 Youth Interventions, Job Substitution, and Trade Union Policy in Great Britain, 1976–1986.- I. Work Experience and Youth Interventions.- II. The Content of Trade Union Response.- A. The Opposition.- B. TUC Strategy: Regulated Inclusion.- III. The Outcomes of Union Regulation.- A. YTS in Operation.- B. Union Coverage and Bargaining.- C. Substitution.- IV. Evaluation and Conclusion.- V. Appendix: Derivation of Work Experience Intensities.- VI. References.- 10 The Reagan Administration and the Regulation of Labor: The Curious Case of Affirmative Action.- I. History of Affirmative Action.- II. Effectiveness of Affirmative Action.- III. The Reagan Administration Response.- IV. Why Support Goals and Timetables?.- V. Protective Reasons.- VI. Positive Reasons.- VII. Opposition to Goals and Timetables.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. References.- 11 Work-Sharing Public Policy in France, 1981–1986.- I. The Work-Sharing Debate in France in the Early 1980s.- II. The Quantitative Evaluation of French Work-Sharing Public Policy, 1981–1986.- A. The Macroeconomic Framework.- B. Workweek Reduction: The Break in 1982.- C. The Quantitative Impact of Work-Sharing Policy.- D. Forms of Reduction of Working Time after 1985.- III. The Qualitative Evaluation: The Reduction of Working Time within the Firm.- A. Negotiating Work Sharing.- B. The Multidimensionality of Working-Time Reduction.- IV. Conclusion.- V. References.- 12 Part-Time Employment: A Response to Economic Crisis?.- I. Introduction.- II. Unemployment Policy.- A. Part-Time Work.- B. Reduction of Working Time.- III. The Development and Nature of Part-Time Work in Norway.- A. The Development of Part-Time Work.- B. The Nature of Part-Time Work.- IV. Part-Time Work and Employment and Social Policy.- A. Part-Time Work as Employment Policy.- B. Part-Time Work in an Incomes Policy Perspective.- C. Part-Time Work and Family Policy.- V. Conflicting Interests.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. References.- IV. Conclusion.- 13 The State and the Labor Market: An Evaluation.- I. State Policies for Labor Market Flexibility.- II. The Employment Effects of Labor Market Flexibility.- III. The Dark Side of Labor Market Flexibility.- IV. The State and Labor Market Flexibility: Some Issues for the Future.- V. References.