Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security

WelcometoRotterdamandtotheInternationalConferenceSafecomp2000,on thereliability,safetyandsecurityofcriticalcomputerapplications. Thisalready marksthe19thyearoftheconference,showingtheundiminishedinterestthe topicelicitsfrombothacademiaandindustry. Safecomphasproventobean excellentplacetomeetandhavediscussions,andwehopethistrendcontinues thisyear. Peopleandorganisationsdependmoreandmoreonthefunctioningofc- puters. Whetherinhouseholdequipment,telecommunicationsystems,o?ce- plications,banking,peoplemovers,processcontrolormedicalsystems,theoft- embeddedcomputersubsystemsaremeanttoletthehostingsystemrealiseits intendedfunctions. Theassuranceofproperfunctioningofcomputersin- pendableapplicationsisfarfromobvious. Themillenniumstartedwiththebug andthefullendorsementoftheframeworkstandardIEC61508. Thevariety ofdependablecomputerapplicationsincreasesdaily,andsodoesthevarietyof risksrelatedtotheseapplications. Theassessmentoftheserisksthereforeneeds re?ectionandpossiblynewapproaches. Thisyear’sSafecompprovidesabroad mixofpapersontheseissues,onprogressmadeindi?erentapplicationdomains andonemergingchallenges. Oneofthespecialtopicsthisyearistransportandinfrastructure. Onewould behardpressedto?ndabetterplacetodiscussthisthaninRotterdam. The reliability,safetyandsecurityofcomputersisofprominentimportancetoRott- dam,asafewexamplesillustrate. Itsharbourdependsonthereliablefunctioning ofcontainerhandlingsystems,onthesafefunctioningofitsradarsystems,and, asofrecently,onthesafeandreliablefunctioningoftheenormousstormsurge barrieratHoekvanHolland. AnewtopicforSafecompis medicalsystems. Theseprogressivelydepend on–embedded–programmableelectronicsystems. Experienceshowsthatthe medicalworldlacksthemethodsforapplyingthesesystemssafelyandreliably. Wewelcomeagroupofpeoplereadytodiscussthistopic,andhope,bydoing so,tocontributetothis?eldofapplicationsofsafe,reliableandsecuresystems. SoftwareprocessimprovementalsorepresentsaspecialtopicofSafecomp 2000. Itprovedtobethemostfruitfulofthethreeintermsofsubmittedpapers. Thereweremanycontributionsfromahostofcountries,whichhadtobespread amongstdi?erentsessiontopics. WewishtothanktheInternationalProgramCommittee’smembers,41in total,fortheire?ortsinreviewingthepapersandfortheirvaluableadvicein organisingthisconference. Wearealsogratefulfortheircontributiontod- tributingcallsforpapersandannouncements. Withouttheirhelptheburdenof organisingthisconferencewouldhavebeenmuchgreater. VI Preface Finally,letusonceagainwelcomeyoutoRotterdam,atrulyinternational cityandhometopeopleofmanynationalities. Wehopeyoutakethetimenot onlytoenjoythisconference,butalsoto?ndyourwayaroundthecity,sinceit surelyhasmuchtoo?er. FloorKoornneef MeinevanderMeulen Table of Contents InvitedPaper TheTenMostPowerfulPrinciplesforQualityin(Softwareand) SoftwareOrganizationsforDependableSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 TomGilb Veri?cationandValidation EmpiricalAssessmentofSoftwareOn-LineDiagnostics UsingFaultInjection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 JohnNapier,JohnMayandGordonHughes Speeding-UpFaultInjectionCampaignsinVHDLModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 B. Parrotta,M. Rebaudengo,M. SonzaReordaandM. Violante Speci?cationandVeri?cationofaSafetyShellwithStatechartsand ExtendedTimedGraphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 JanvanKatwijk,HansToetenel,Abd-El-KaderSahraoui,EricAnderson andJanuszZalewski ValidationofControlSystemSpeci?cationswithAbstractPlantModels. . . . 53 WenhuiZhang AConstantPerturbationMethodforEvaluation ofStructuralDiversityinMultiversionSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 LupingChen,JohnMayandGordonHughes ExpertError:TheCaseofTrouble-ShootinginElectronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DenisBesnard TheSafetyManagementofData-DrivenSafety-RelatedSystems . . . . . . . . . . . 86 A. G. Faulkner,P. A. Bennett,R. H. Pierce,I. H. A. Johnston andN. Storey SoftwareSupportforIncidentReportingSystems inSafety-CriticalApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ChrisJohnson SoftwareProcessImprovement ADependability-ExplicitModelfortheDevelopment ofComputingSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 MohamedKaan ˆ iche,Jean-ClaudeLaprieandJean-PaulBlanquart VIII Table ofContents DerivingQuanti?edSafetyRequirementsinComplexSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 PeterA. Lindsay,JohnA. McDermidandDavidJ. Tombs ImprovingSoftwareDevelopmentbyUsing SafeObjectOrientedDevelopment:OTCD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 XavierM´ehautandPierreMor`ere ASafetyLicensablePESforSIL4Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 WolfgangA. Halang,PeterVogrinandMatja?zColnari?c SafetyandSecurityIssuesinElectricPowerIndustry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 ? Zdzis lawZurakowski DependabilityofComputerControlSystemsinPowerPlants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Cl´audiaAlmeida,AlbertoArazo,YvesCrouzetandKaramaKanoun AMethodofAnalysisofFaultTreeswithTimeDependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 JanMagottandPawe lSkrobanek Formal Methods AFormalMethodsCaseStudy:UsingLight-WeightVDM fortheDevelopmentofaSecuritySystemModule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 GeorgDroschl,WalterKuhn,GeraldSonneckandMichaelThuswald FormalMethods:TheProblemIsEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 ThierryScheurer FormalMethodsDi?usion:PastLessonsandFutureProspects. . . . . . . . . . . . 211 R. Bloom?eld,D. Craigen,F. Koob,M. UllmannandS. Wittmann InvitedPaper SafeTech:AControlOrientedViewpoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 MaartenSteinbuch SafetyGuidelines,StandardsandCerti?cation DerivationofSafetyTargetsfortheRandomFailure ofProgrammableVehicleBasedSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 RichardEvansandJonathanMo?ett IEC61508–ASuitableBasisfortheCerti?cation ofSafety-CriticalTransport-InfrastructureSystems??. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 DerekFowlerandPhilBennett Table of Contents IX HardwareAspects AnApproachtoSoftwareAssistedRecovery fromHardwareTransientFaultsforRealTimeSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 D. BasuandR. Paramasivam ProgrammableElectronicSystemDesign&Veri?cationUtilizingDFM. . . . 275 MichelHoutermans,GeorgeApostolakis,AarnoutBrombacher andDimitriosKarydas SIMATICS7-400F/FH:Safety-RelatedProgrammableLogicController. . . 286 AndreasSchenk SafetyAssessmentI AssessmentoftheReliabilityofFault-TolerantSoftware: ABayesianApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 BevLittlewood,PeterPopovandLorenzoStrigini EstimatingDependabilityofProgrammableSystemsUsingBBNs. . . . . . . . . 309 BjørnAxelGran,GustavDahll,SiegfriedEisinger,EivindJ. Lund, JanGerhardNorstrøm,PeterStrockaandBrittJ. Ystanes DesignforSafety ImprovementsinProcessControlDependability throughInternetSecurityTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 FerdinandJ. Dafelmair ASurveyonSafety-CriticalMulticastNetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 JamesS. PascoeandR. J. Loader InvitedPaper CausalReasoningaboutAircraftAccidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 PeterB. Ladkin Transport&Infrastructure ControllingRequirementsEvolution:AnAvionicsCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 StuartAndersonandMassimoFelici HAZOPAnalysisofFormalModels ofSafety-CriticalInteractiveSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .