Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Preface vii
<p>Introduction ix</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Reputed Authors in the Field of Territorial Economics 1</p>
<p>1.1. The founding fathers of territorial economics 2</p>
<p>1.1.1. The disappearance of the concept of territory 2</p>
<p>1.1.2. The precursors to territorial thinking; distance and organization of economic activity 8</p>
<p>1.1.3. The founders of economic analysis from the territory to growth poles 12</p>
<p>1.1.4. Marshall: agglomeration effects, industrial atmosphere and industrial districts, fundamental elements of an economic interpretation of the territory 13</p>
<p>1.1.5. Hotelling s law and straight–line competition 16</p>
<p>1.1.6. Perroux s growth poles 18</p>
<p>1.2. Contemporary theories 22</p>
<p>1.2.1. The Italian district 23</p>
<p>1.2.2. The innovative milieu of the groupe de recherche europe&eacute;n sur les milieux innovateurs (GREMI) 25</p>
<p>1.2.3. The regulatory approach 27</p>
<p>1.2.4. Theory of transaction costs devised by the University of California 29</p>
<p>1.2.5. Krugman and the New Economic Geography 31</p>
<p>1.2.6. Clusters and areas of expertise at the heart of global competition 33</p>
<p>1.2.7. The theory of spatial proximity or the actor strategy 35</p>
<p>1.2.8. From the territory to the city what are the new economic challenges? 38</p>
<p>Chapter 2. The Key Concepts of Territorial Analysis: from the Actors to the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem 43</p>
<p>2.1. The actors and components within the entrepreneurial ecosystem 47</p>
<p>2.2. The operation of the entrepreneurial ecosytem 57</p>
<p>2.3. Strategies and public policies favoring entrepreneurial ecosystems 65</p>
<p>2.3.1. Definite risks of business creation&nbsp; 65</p>
<p>2.3.2. A wide range of state assistance 67</p>
<p>Chapter 3. From Implementation to Evaluations: Trajectories and Coordination 73</p>
<p>3.1. Territorial performance: from statistical correlations to complex causal mechanisms 75</p>
<p>3.1.1. Density effects of economic activities upon the performance of employment areas 76</p>
<p>3.1.2. Regional territorial performance: from technology grants to socio–economic links 79</p>
<p>3.2. The diversity of local productive ecosystems illustrated by case studies 85</p>
<p>3.2.1. Converting territories in the Nord–Pas–de–Calais: the case of Valenciennes 85</p>
<p>3.3. From policies to evaluation tools 103</p>
<p>3.3.1. General principles 103</p>
<p>3.3.2. In favor of a systems–based evaluation perspective 105</p>
<p>Conclusion 109</p>
<p>Bibliography 113</p>
<p>Index 123</p>